Appendix B—Module Design Specifications


This appendix guides writers and section editors in scoping and organizing materials to be included in the Faculty Guidebook. It is the first of three modules that give authors and editors parameters for constructing modules. Module design begins with a discussion between an author, a section editor, and a project director. It culminates with a module outline that must be approved by the section editor before writing can proceed.
 

Audience Considerations

This large collaborative project serves a wide audience. Readers vary in their levels of familiarity with educational concepts, their professional roles, and the types of institutions and academic disciplines in which they work. Educators commonly want information that has solid theoretical backing and they want guidance on practical application. They want support and encouragement from colleagues, and they seek to advance their own performance as well as that of others in education as a second discipline. Given this audience profile, authors should assume that readers may be unfamiliar with background knowledge in education or in the author’s particular academic discipline.

Anatomy of a Section

The Faculty Guidebook is intended to be a comprehensive albeit non-redundant and non-overlapping set of individual modules that are grouped by topic into different sections. Sections have a common predictable architecture.

An overview introduces the educational principles that underlie the section; it is usually written by the section editor. The bulk of each section is comprised of different types of modules written by different authors. These modules may focus on theory, concepts, or application, or they may outline methodologies or offer tools. The overall pattern of a section begins with a discussion of foundational principles of teaching and learning. Later modules may describe effective teaching practices, instructional design, institutional assessment, and/or professional development. Each section concludes with an annotated bibliography that documents seminal works germane to that section. Annotated bibliography modules are generally written by the section editor.

Modules are either two pages (900 to 1200 words including references) or four pages (2000 to 2400 words including references), depending on the scope of the topic. When planning for the length of the article, one should keep in mind that charts and diagrams usually occupy more space than does text.

Anatomy of a Module

Although modules vary widely in purpose and type, all conform to a basic structure. All modules begin with an overview statement, followed by the body. A “Concluding Thoughts” section follows and often offers recommendations for incorporating the module into one’s teaching practice. A list of references is included at the end. The style of organization of the body of each module depends on its type. The following are common types of modules found in the Faculty Guidebook:

  • Overview module: defines the scope of that particular section; it is written by the section editor; it appears as the first module in that section and its title includes the title of the section. It is written in the third person. An example is 2.1.1 Overview of Learning Theory.

  • Theory module: discusses a key educational paradigm, defines its principles, and outlines its implementation. Theory should be written in the third person (they). An example is 2.3.3 Classification of Learning Skills.

  • Application module: illustrates a specific implementation of an area of education theory within a particular context. Application should be written in the first person (I, me, my), should be up front in making assertions, and should use illustrations to show the application of research. An example is 3.3.7 Effective Use of Office Hours.

  • Methodology module: defines steps that make up a process and discusses how these are implemented through an example. An example is 3.1.3 Methodology for Creating a Quality Learning Environment.

  • Tool module: gives a detailed description of how to apply a pre-established instrument in a specific context. An example is 3.4.2 Designing Teams and Assigning Roles.

  • Annotated bibliography module: lists key resources that apply to the topic of a specific section and which, taken in total, address the topic in adequate breadth and depth. An example is 2.1.6 Annotated Bibliography—Learning Theory.

Module Outcomes

Each module should have four or five learning outcomes. Section editors must approve these before the author develops the module. Learning outcomes should focus on what the reader will be able to do as a result of reading the module. Special attention should be given to impacting daily teaching/learning practices in addition to elevating understanding about the teaching/learning process. Outcomes for each module should be unique, complementing other modules in the same section while avoiding overlap. When more than five outcomes are defined for a module, the author and section editor should consider narrowing the scope or initiating a companion module.

Overview Statement

This brief section at the beginning of each module engages the reader and introduces content and learning outcomes for the module:

  • It is concise; a single paragraph, 100 to 150 words long, with no more than five to seven sentences

  • It previews module content with a broad perspective

  • It explicitly states the learning outcomes of the module

  • It justifies why the module is important and tells how the content relates to other modules in the Faculty Guidebook

  • It stands alone; the reader should be able to skim the entire Faculty Guidebook and get an accurate idea of what the book contains just by reading overview statements

  • It poses questions that encourage the reader to be an active participant rather than a tacit listener

  • It does not include references to outside sources

Body

Material in the body of the module may consist largely of discourse, or it may include charts, diagrams, or tools with very little writing in paragraph form. Ideally, material should be presented concisely; it should point readers to outside reading or to other modules to provide more depth and breadth; the limited space within each module should be used to explain concepts, using illustrations or examples to clarify them. A typical module references two to five other modules, and references five to ten outside sources.

Modules that contain more theory or discussion or that are otherwise word-heavy need frequent headers or graphic elements to break up the text. Text may also be broken up using bulleted lists, boxed material, or highlighted definitions.

Graphics and tables, such as charts, matrices, pie charts, or graphs, are to comply with the demands of the module, size-scaled and proportionate to text. They may range in size from a quarter column to one or more pages, but they must fit within the four-page module size limit. They must be in black-and-white or in shades of gray. Authors who want to use complex or unusual graphics should contact the graphic designer.

The Faculty Guidebook is not intended to contain teaching institute activities, nor printable versions of classroom tools for direct use by students.

Concluding Thoughts

This short, one or two paragraph section sums up the “take-away” points of the module:

  • In contains no more than five sentences

  • It introduces no new data; it reinforces what the title says and parallels the overview section in that it encapsulates what is essential from the module

  • It summarizes the module in the context of the Faculty Guidebook using the “corporate voice” of the author/editorial team

  • It highlights the implications of the module, suggests ways for further exploration, and/or encourages the reader to implement what is learned from the module

References

A module must include a list of references to outside sources. Most modules include one to ten of these, and may include books, articles, or web sites. These should be cited at appropriate locations in the text, adding authority to key statements. All references cited in the text must be included in the reference list. The reference list should not include material that is not discussed or cited within the module.

Module Outlines

The initial planning discussion between the author and section editor should result in an outline that can be used to guide research efforts associated with the module and serve as a reference document for assessing intermediate drafts of the module. The format for module outlines is given in Table 1. Outlines address audience background, outcomes for the module, links to other modules, terms for the glossary, references for exploration, ideas for module layout, a list of unresolved issues, and a preliminary overview statement. A sample outline is also provided (Table 2).

Table 1 Format for Module Outlines
 
1. Intended Audience

What prerequisite knowledge is required?

What are the typical contexts for its use?

2. Type of Module

Which of the module types best represents the intended content?

3. Module Specifications
  1. Key Outcomes

What are the five most important things you want readers to learn?

What are the three most important applications of this knowledge?

  1. Links to Other Modules

What are the five to seven most important links to other modules?

Which links contain complementary theory and applications?

  1. Glossary Items

What are the terms used in the module that are already contained in the glossary?

What additional terms need to be defined?

  1. References

      Is the number appropriate? (three to five for a two-page module and four to eight for a four-page module)

      What is the added value from each reference?

4.

 

Layout
  1. Overview Statement

Draft the opening paragraph.

Are all of the learning outcomes highlighted in a clear and orderly fashion?

  1. Body
  1. Organization

List the subsection headings.

For each heading, identify which learning outcomes are supported, which references are cited, and where links are needed. (Estimate two or four pages.)

  1. Graphics

Inventory all figures and tables.

Is each graphic self-explanatory?

Will you need design help in creating each graphic?

  1. Concluding Thoughts

What are the most important things for the reader to take from this module for further thinking and action?

Check that no new concepts or data are introduced in this section.

5. Miscellaneous Issues

Is the title of the module accurate?

Is word usage consistent with other modules/glossary?

What, if any, research gaps and unanswered questions are raised by the module?

What additional resources are needed?

 

Table 2: Sample Outline for module titled, "Getting Student Buy-In"
 
1. Intended Audience

Since student buy-in is one of the first tasks that every faculty member needs to accomplish, this module is written for beginning faculty. The material in the module can be readily transferred to new-faculty orientation. 

2. Type of Module

Application

3. Module Specifications
  1. Key Outcomes

Faculty members need to understand the importance of achieving student buy-in for quality learning to occur.

Teachers need to understand conditions desired to elicit student ownership for their own success and failure as learners.

Teachers need to understand how one recognizes whether or not a student has bought in to the concept of personal ownership for learning.

Faculty need to understand teacher, student, and institutional behaviors that hinder student buy-in.

Teachers should become familiar with an array of strategies to use in order to achieve student buy-in.

  1. Links to Other Modules

3.3.7 Effective Use of Office Hours

3.1.1 Overview of Quality Learning Environments

3.4.1 Overview of Effective Learning Tools

3.1.6 Obtaining Shared Commitment

  1. Glossary Items

assessment

evaluation

learning

empowerment

  1. References

    Millis: Cooperative Learning for Higher Education Faculty

    Astin: What matters in College

    Small and Lankes article entitled Motivating Students

4.

 

Layout
  1. Overview Statement

The overview statement speaks to the need for the students to actively buy in if he or she is to be committed to the learning; it occurs throughout a course but is particularly important in the beginning. It describes conditions needed for buy-in, student attributes, and behaviors. It also offers strategies for achieving buy-in.

  1. Body

Describe why buy-in is important in achieving the goal of excellence in individual student performance and in cultivating a classroom atmosphere in which expectations of both the teacher and the students are high. Present the top ten conditions for student buy-in both within a table (graphic) and elaborated upon in text form. Conditions include trust, accommodation of various learning styles, relevance of content, student ownership, clear/attainable objectives, opportunity for feedback through assessment process, and a fair evaluation system.

Describe the characteristics of a bought-in student and identify both student and faculty behaviors that interfere with buy-in.

Identify ways that institutions can interfere with buy-in.

Identify the key issues that make it difficult to achieve buy-in, provide a set of strategies to address these, and elaborate on the strategies.

  1. Concluding Thoughts

These need to summarize the importance of achieving buy-in, contingencies to anticipate/plan for, and proven strategies for accomplishing buy-in.

5. Miscellaneous Issues

Is the title of the module accurate?

Is word usage consistent with other modules/glossary?

What, if any, research gaps and unanswered questions are raised by the module?

What additional resources are needed?